Indian Journal of Ethics, Logic and Philosophy

Ethical & Leadership Values and Organizational Performance

Dr. Anagha K. — 2023-07-07

In ancient times, India was indisputably a land of great traders. It had trade relationships with far-off places. The business practices followed in India have to be analyzed in detail. There are a number of studies on business ethics, but very few explore the important practices followed in India during its days of glory. This study refers to ‘Arthashastra’ by Vishnugupta written in the 4^th century BC and other religious texts like Bhagavad Gita that explain the ethical and leadership values. This study will help modern business practitioners to enhance their ethical and leadership skills and thus run the organization sustainably.

“Health for All”: World Health Day Theme, 2023

Dr. Deepak B. Sharma — 2023-09-12

On 7th April 2023, World Health Day was celebrated as the 75^th birthday of the World Health Organization. Every year World Health Day theme is a very specifically chosen theme to commemorate achievements and to address some specific needs. World Health Day theme for 2023 is “Health for All”. The concept of “Health for All” (HFA) was founded during the Alma Ata conference in 1978 and how it is fairing after so many years when the current World Health Day theme was put as “Health for all” is important. This notion of “HFA by 2000” was given in 1978 i.e, by the year 2000, this state will be achieved pan-global. The role of different attributes in achieving “Health for all” is put forth for discussion. The progress towards achieving “HFA”, the pitfalls, thereby leading to learnings from circumstances is being focused. This is discussed for the global situation and more of this is being focused on at our national level. Health for All by 2000, is basically a conceptual framework derived from the Alma Ata conference deliberations and thenceforth the expected application (through available resources and otherwise) by different nations to achieve the concept in reality to achieve the Goal of “HFA by 2000”. This article covers the background, the current situation, and other contexts concerning health issues as an individual, community, or occupational group, and a nation as a whole. Economic disparities and socio-political decisions leading to poverty, malnourishment, and otherwise like prosperity, minimized out-of-pocket expenses are discussed and highlighted.

The Quest for Ultimate Reality: Comparing Hegel's Geist and Shankara's Brahman

Ms. Soumya Verma — 2023-05-23

The Brahman of Shankara and the Geist of Hegel are considered to be ultimate realities in their respective philosophical traditions, serving as the underlying foundation of all existence. These concepts are seen as the ultimate source and basis of everything that exists in the Universe. Kaufmann argues that Hegel's Geist represents an extreme form of Idealism, where the mind or spirit is seen as the ultimate reality that shapes and governs all of existence. However, while Hegel's Philosophy of Absolute Idealism tends to emphasize an extreme form of Idealism, Shankara's philosophy is often regarded as a synthesis of Idealism and Realism. The purpose of this paper is to draw a comparison between Hegel's concept of Geist and his philosophy of Absolute Idealism, and Shankara's concept of Brahman, which is often mistakenly assumed to be similar. Despite some similarities, there are notable dissimilarities between these two concepts. This paper will analyze the differences between Geist, which pushes Hegel towards the extreme of Idealism and positions him as an Absolute Idealist, and Brahman, which facilitates the reconciliation of Idealism and Realism in Shankara's philosophy, demonstrating that the dissimilarities between these concepts outweigh the similarities.

Understanding Feminism Under the Lights of Marginalization and Epistemic Injustice

Mr. Rahul — 2023-05-17

An attempt has been made to examine how the status of women in communities is understood and what steps are necessary for their development. The Constitutions of the different countries promised their citizens equality in all aspects. Everyone should be treated equally in the eyes of the society and law. However, the reality is slightly different from what has been reflected in the Constitution. So let us examine how certain community sections are marginalized. Epistemic injustice can be considered the main reason for the exploitation of women in all societies, due to which the status of women has declined today. In such a situation, the question arises what is epistemological injustice? And why is it important? Simply put, Gnostic injustice is a concept where knowledge is exploited on an individual or group in such a way that the society or group continues to dominate and the abilities of others become insignificant. Because of this, he is bound to suffer from all the prejudices he doesn't want to feel, and the situation gets worse when it comes to women; They consider those rules of the society as legally binding, which the leading person or group of the community gives the name of tradition. Understanding marginalization: Marginalization is when those in power make a particular person or group less critical. As a result, marginalized persons are forced to move to the margins or fringes of society, depriving them of facilities and opportunities enjoyed by non-marginalized sections. Marginalization begins as a chain of events that only furthers the plight of the underprivileged. Their demands usually go unheard, and their wishes and dreams are ignored by society. The Indian Constitution strictly asks us to treat all our citizens as equals and celebrate the diversity of our population. However, certain sections of our community have been marginalized by us. Let us talk about them in our attempt to understand marginalization. When discussing marginalization, we must focus on the minorities in India. A minority refers to a group of people who live within a society that is different from the majority based on religion, race, belief, language, etc. They are smaller in number than the majority. Minorities in India (based on religion) include Muslims, Jains, Buddhists, Sikhs, Christians, and others. The Indian Constitution has a clause on the Fundamental Rights of citizens, which provides protection and security to minorities against discrimination. But still, in our society, sometimes, these minorities are marginalized in certain classes and statuses. They lag in literacy, with only 57.3% literate as of 2015. Even when it comes to features, they are fading. They live in substandard homes that sometimes lack basic amenities such as indoor plumbing. The poverty rate is also high among Muslims. Another worrying figure is the number of Muslims employed in public and government jobs. So, while our Constitution gives us protection, minorities, tribals, and scheduled tribe people are often marginalized in our society; understanding marginalization is the first step in tackling and fighting against it. Here we will try to see the reasons for women's marginalization and epistemic injustice in the communities with the help of different philosophies and theories.

Consent in Surrogacy - Free or Manufactured?

Ms. Soumya Verma — 2023-04-21

Consent has an important role to play in the ethical domain, and the method by which consent is obtained should also be taken into consideration. It should not be taken by coercion, violence, or force. Surrogacy, a highly debatable topic in the domain of applied ethics whose legitimacy is significantly affected by consent, given by the surrogate mothers, which can change the different moral considerations and ethical claims. The contemporary debate on the issue of surrogacy seems to be between traditionalists and liberals, but this paper will take the debate further. In this paper, we shall try to problematize the liberal conception, which looks at the consent given by women in surrogacy limited to its face value, i.e., they limit consent to their saying “yes” because they have reproductive rights over their own bodies. This paper will further argue that consent in surrogacy should not be limited to its face value as taken by liberals, as it is not an ideal society, situations are different for different women, and there could be different social realities that constitute the factors behind that consent. Financial constraint, an important social reality, will be the focus of this paper, which leads a woman to give consent for surrogacy arrangements.

Political Terrorism - As a Tactics

Dr. Md. Selim Reza — 2023-03-19

One of the most pertinent aspects of modern ethico-political issues is terrorism and its socio-philosophical impacts. What triggers human beings to turn into terrorists and choose terrorism as the only means of communication with civil society is a much-debated area. The strategies and tactics that are used by terrorists are basically attempts to manipulate the ruling state machinery, with a view of materializing the demands of the terror groups. Also, there are other motives behind those tactics and strategies executed by terror groups. A detailed analysis of the psychodynamics of a hostage-taking operation is also made in this paper. When a person experiences a sudden, unexpected, and unpredictable violent onslaught he is said to be a victim of terrorism and undergoes several psychological repercussions. The terrorists often create hostage situations as a powerful tactic for creating presume on the state machinery. The psychological impact of a hostage situation on the captivated victims is multi-dimensional. An attempt has been made in this paper to make a detailed study of the psychological damage that is created by kidnappers or hijackers. Another aspect of terrorists is to publicize their terror attacks to create a tremendous panic-stricken impact on the general mass and state rulers. So they use seven different tactics for publicity as well – i) Propaganda by deed, ii) Supporting recruitment and campaigning, iii) Selection of optimal time and place of action, iv) Tactful use of statements issued, v) To keep up regular contact with journalists and entertaining interviews, vi) Claiming the responsibility of a violent terrorist act, and vii) Selection and use of specific symbols.